Débuting at the Olympics at the age of 14, Hannelore Anke won her first major medal in 1973, a silver at the inaugural World Swimming Championships in the 200 m breaststroke. After a disappointing European Championships in 1974, she became one of the stars at the 1975 Cali World Championships, winning both breaststroke events and a gold in the medley relay. In 1978, she added a silver medal in the 200 m breaststroke. In 1976, Anke won two Olympic golds, setting world records in the 100 m breaststroke and medley relay. Four years earlier at München she had been eliminated in the first round of the 200 m breaststroke.
Anke was inducted into the International Swimming Hall of Fame in 1990. After the re-unification of Germany, former East German officials admitted to administering doping to nearly all their swimmers, including Anke. By profession, she became a nursery nurse.