Sture Pettersson and his siblings Gösta, Erik, and Tomas were known as the Fåglum brothers, with the quartet enjoying success in Swedish cycling during the 1960s. Sture competed at two Olympic Games, winning two medals, and won three titles at the World Championships. In 1963 and 1964 he recorded back-to-back wins in the team time trial at the national championships to earn himself a place on the Olympic team. At the Games in Tokyo, he won bronze in the team time trial with his brothers Gösta and Sture, and compatriot Sven Hamrin. He also finished 52nd in the road race, only 0.16 seconds behind the race winner.
From 1965 to 1968 Pettersson won four consecutive team time trial titles at the Swedish championships with his brothers. His greatest success came at the UCI Road World Championships, with him and his brothers winning three consecutive world titles in the team time trial from 1967 to 1969. In 1968 he had further success with his siblings, winning silver in the team time trial at the Mexico City Olympics. Sture was only 40-years-old when he died in June 1983 from a suspected ruptured blood vessel in the brain.