Aleksandr Martyshkin rowed eights for the Soviet Union at the 1968 and 1972 Olympic Games, winning a bronze medal in 1968. He also won bronze medals at the 1971 and 1973 European Championships, while representing the CSK Navy. After his retirement as an athlete, Martyshkin remained at CSK Navy as a coach, serving as a lieutenant-colonel in the Naval Reserves.
Martyshkin later held the position of Advisor to the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in the Siberian Federal District. He also was the General Director of the Russian Association of the Sporting Goods Industry, the Executive Director of the publishing house “Christina and K”, and the Commercial Director of the Olympic Sports Veterans Fund.