Born in the Kazakh SSR, Oļegs Antropovs was a Latvian volleyball player who represented the Soviet Union. Antropovs first played for Burevestnik Alma-Ata from 1965 to 1971 before playing for Elektrotechnika Rīga until 1978. Internationally he played for the Soviet under-20s team, becoming a European champion in 1966. Two years later Antropovs was part of the Soviet squad that won the gold medal at the 1968 Mexico City Olympics, playing in four matches during the tournament. After the Olympics he won bronze at the 1969 Volleyball World Cup in East Germany and finished in sixth place at the 1970 Volleyball World Championship in Bulgaria.
After his playing career Antropovs turned to coaching, helping Radiotekhnika Rīga to win the 1983/84 Soviet championships. By the end of the decade he was the senior coach of the USSR youth team, and they became the European champions in 1988 and World champions a year later. Antropovs coached domestic teams in Qatar, Latvia, Croatia, and Slovakia, before becoming the head coach of the Russian team in 1998. His final spell of coaching spanned from 1999 to 2008 with the club JT Thunders in Hiroshima, Japan.