Nicknamed Lill-Stöveln (Little Stöveln) after his older brother Hans “Stöveln” Öberg, Carl-Göran Öberg started playing hockey with Gävle IK in 1955. From 1960-68, he played with Djurgårdens IF but finished his playing career with Tranås AIF from 1968-70 and Södertälje SK from 1970-73. With Gävle, Öberg won the Swedish title in 1957 and won Swedish titles in 1961-63 with Djurgårdens. He was also selected to the Swedish Championship all-star team in 1963.
A left winger, Öberg played 171 games with the Swedish national team and scored 77 goals. He won an Olympic silver in 1964, won silvers at the 1963 and 1967 World Championships and won bronzes at the 1958 and 1965 World Championships. Öberg also won European Championship silvers in 1958, 1963, 1964 and 1967 and bronzes in 1959-61, 1965 and 1968. He was awarded the Stora Grabbars Märke (Big Boys’ Badge) #61 in ice hockey.