Anatoly Antonov won his first Soviet rowing title in the eight in 1955. Although he was runner-up the following year, he was still selected to represent his country at the Melbourne Olympics, where the Soviets were eliminated in the semi-finals. He had better luck over the next three years, taking silver at the 1957 European Championships and bronze in 1958 and 1959, in addition to winning the Grand Challenge Cup at the Henley Royal Regatta in 1958. In each of those years, he was also a member of the national championship-winning crew. He retired from active competition before the Rome Olympics and later spent time in the United States.